The Phases of Active Shooter Attacks in Commercial Spaces: A Law Enforcement Perspective

 The Phases of Active Shooter Attacks in Commercial Spaces: A Law Enforcement Perspective

This document outlines the key phases of an active shooter event in commercial spaces and provides vital steps organizations can take to prepare, respond, and save lives. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how these events unfold and the critical need for proactive training, including threat assessments for all commercial properties, emergency operational plans that are kept up to date, Stop the Bleed skills, to protect employees and visitors in commercial environments.

Active shooter incidents are complex and often unpredictable, and the stages they progress through can vary. But a general framework for understanding the phases of an active shooter event can be helpful for preparation and response. This framework provides a structured approach to anticipating potential threats, recognizing warning signs, and implementing effective security measures.

While the specific actions taken by an active shooter can vary, the overall event can be broken down into the following stages:

Before the event, the perpetrator may exhibit behaviors that could be recognized as warning signs. These signs can range from vague and ambiguous to direct and obvious. Understanding these warning signs can play a crucial role in preventing an attack or minimizing its impact.

These warning signs can manifest in various ways, including changes in behavior, communication, or physical appearance. For example, the perpetrator may exhibit increased aggression, withdraw from social interactions, make threats, or express a fascination with violence. Recognizing these warning signs requires vigilance and awareness from all members of the organization.

While it is impossible to predict every instance of violence, a proactive approach to recognizing potential warning signs can help to mitigate risk and enhance the safety of commercial spaces. This proactive approach should include ongoing training programs for employees, the development of a comprehensive security plan, and the establishment of clear communication channels for reporting suspicious activities.

Introduction to Active Shooter Incidents in Commercial Spaces

Active shooter incidents have increasingly targeted commercial buildings, malls, and outdoor events, making them prime locations for mass shootings. These events have become a tragic reality for many communities, and the impact on the lives of victims, families, and communities is devastating. With U.S. businesses, including office complexes, retail environments, and entertainment venues, now more frequently under attack, it is essential for organizations to understand how these events unfold and the critical steps they must take to protect lives. The rise in active shooter incidents in commercial spaces necessitates a proactive approach to safety and security. This means equipping employees and visitors with the knowledge, skills, and tools they need to respond effectively to such threats.

Organizations must invest in comprehensive active shooter response training programs that go beyond basic awareness and provide practical guidance on how to react during an emergency. These programs should cover a range of topics, including threat assessment, situational awareness, escape and evacuation procedures, and active shooter response strategies. It is crucial for organizations to develop a clear understanding of the various phases involved in an active shooter event, and to incorporate this knowledge into their safety protocols and training programs.

The first phase of an active shooter incident is often characterized by the perpetrator's planning and preparation. This phase can involve the acquisition of weapons, the development of a plan of attack, and the targeting of a specific location or group of individuals. It is crucial for organizations to be vigilant in identifying potential warning signs during this phase, as early detection can significantly improve the likelihood of preventing an attack.

The second phase involves the actual initiation of the attack, which can be characterized by the shooter's entry into the designated location and the use of firearms or other weapons to inflict harm. This phase is often sudden and unexpected, requiring immediate and decisive action from those present. Law enforcement's response during such crises can delay medical attention, as officers treat everyone as a potential threat until the scene is secured. These delays can have devastating consequences for those injured in an active shooter event. It is imperative that organizations implement effective strategies to address the challenges posed by these delays, such as providing employees with Stop the Bleed training to administer immediate first aid until law enforcement has secured the area.

At ProActive Emergency Solutions, we not only teach comprehensive active shooter response strategies but also incorporate Stop the Bleed training in every session—offered at no additional cost with our workplace violence prevention programs. This proactive training equips employees with the skills to administer critical care before medical professionals can safely enter the scene. By understanding the phases of an active shooter event, organizations can create a robust security plan that addresses each stage. From identifying potential warning signs to implementing effective response protocols, proactive preparation is critical for mitigating risk and protecting lives. By incorporating Stop the Bleed training into active shooter response programs, organizations can empower employees to take immediate action and potentially save lives.

Pre-Incident Indicators

Active shooter events rarely occur without warning. Recognizing and addressing early warning signs can prevent tragedies before they happen. It is crucial for employees and security personnel to be vigilant and report any suspicious behavior or activity. This vigilance should extend beyond physical actions to encompass online activities as well.

Understanding potential indicators can make a significant difference in preventing violence. These indicators can be categorized into three main areas: behavioral changes, verbal threats, and preparatory actions.

Behavioral Changes

Pay attention to noticeable changes in an individual's behavior, such as increased aggression, isolation, or erratic mood swings. These changes can be subtle or dramatic, but they should always be taken seriously. For example, an employee who is typically friendly and outgoing may suddenly become withdrawn and irritable. Similarly, an individual who has a history of mental health issues may experience a significant deterioration in their condition, leading to increased agitation and impulsive behavior. It is important to look for patterns in behavior rather than jumping to conclusions based on a single instance. For example, if an employee is normally quiet but is now speaking loudly and making inappropriate jokes, this could be a cause for concern. Conversely, if an individual who is normally talkative suddenly becomes quiet and withdrawn, this could also be a sign of trouble. It is essential to observe these changes in behavior over time and to document any instances that seem unusual or out of character.

Also, look for changes in grooming habits. An individual who is usually well-groomed may start neglecting their appearance. They might not shower regularly, wear clean clothes, or maintain their usual level of personal hygiene. Another key indicator is a sudden change in an individual's sleep patterns. They might be sleeping significantly more or less than usual. This change could be due to stress, anxiety, or even the development of a plan for an attack. It is important to keep an eye on these changes in an individual's appearance and sleep habits.

Verbal Threats

Direct threats or alarming comments should always be taken seriously and reported to the appropriate authorities. This includes online threats made through social media or email. It is important to document all threats, including the date, time, and any specific language used. While not every threat will result in violence, it is critical to err on the side of caution and report any potential danger. If an employee makes a verbal threat to harm themselves or others, it is crucial to take immediate action. This could involve removing the employee from the workplace, contacting emergency services, or seeking professional mental health support. It is also important to be aware of the potential for coded threats or veiled language. For example, a statement like "I'm going to blow this place up" might not be a literal threat but could be a sign that the individual is considering violence. In these cases, it is still crucial to report the threat to the authorities.

Remember that a single threat doesn't always mean violence is imminent. However, when combined with other indicators, a verbal threat can be a significant cause for concern. For instance, if an individual makes a specific threat and then starts researching how to make explosives or acquire firearms, that would increase the likelihood of a potential attack. The combination of verbal threats and preparatory actions raises the alarm level considerably. It is essential to document any threats, including the date, time, and any specific language used. It's important to create a system for tracking these threats so that they can be analyzed and investigated as needed.

Preparatory Actions

Unusual attire, such as a large coat in warm weather, or carrying concealed packages may indicate someone is hiding a weapon. It is also important to pay attention to individuals who appear to be casing the building or gathering information about security protocols. This could involve observing security cameras, noting the location of exits, or asking questions about emergency procedures. Any individual who is behaving in a suspicious manner should be reported to security or law enforcement immediately. It is crucial to remember that a single suspicious action does not necessarily mean that an individual is planning violence. However, a combination of these factors can be a red flag. For example, an individual who has been making threats, exhibiting strange behavior, and also appears to be gathering information about the building's security could be a serious threat. It is important to trust your instincts and report any concerns.

Individuals may also engage in activities that are not typical for them, such as purchasing weapons, researching explosive devices, or practicing shooting. This is especially concerning if they have no prior history of engaging in these activities. It is important to be aware of the potential for individuals to change their behavior drastically in preparation for an attack. For example, someone who has never expressed interest in firearms might suddenly start researching guns and ammunition. This change in behavior could indicate that they are preparing to commit violence. It is crucial to be alert and report any unusual activities to the appropriate authorities. Remember, it's better to err on the side of caution and report any suspicious behavior or activity, no matter how small it might seem.

Environmental Factors

While not always directly related to an individual's actions, it's essential to assess the broader environment for potential risks. This includes factors such as recent community violence, social media trends, or heightened tensions related to political or economic events. It is important to be aware of the potential for violence to spill over from one area to another. For example, if there is a recent increase in crime in the neighborhood surrounding a business, it is important to be vigilant and take appropriate precautions. Additionally, if there are any social media trends or online discussions that suggest a potential for violence, it is essential to monitor these conversations and take appropriate steps to mitigate any potential risks.

It's also crucial to stay informed about current events. Pay attention to news reports about recent active shooter incidents or other acts of violence. This information can provide insights into the methods used, the motives of the attackers, and the potential risks that might be relevant to your organization. By staying informed, you can be better prepared to identify potential warning signs and take appropriate action. It is important to maintain a sense of awareness and vigilance, not just within your own organization but also in the broader community. Be aware of the potential for violence and take steps to mitigate any risks.

By addressing these red flags early, businesses can intervene and possibly stop violence before it begins. Creating a culture of awareness and vigilance is essential for safeguarding the well-being of employees, customers, and visitors.

A study done by the Department of Justice showed 40% of all firearms used in Active Shooter Attacks were purchased legally and specifically for the purpose of the attack. 35% already had possession of firearms purchased legally and bought for other reasons than the attack such as hunting or recreational purposes. 11% borrowed or took a firearm from someone they knew. 6% stole a firearm and 2% purchased them illegally. With these percentages, the focus of gun control needs to be more about increasing security measures for commercial properties, schools, hospitals, and large events and less about making guns illegal. Devices such as metal detectors, shatterproof glass, metal doors with auto-locking and auto-shutting capabilities, AI-integrated security cameras inside and outside to include parking lots and parking garages at a price reasonable to the average consumer would help mitigate these tragic events.

The Initial Outbreak and Immediate Response

The Initial Outbreak

Once gunfire erupts, chaos and confusion follow. Immediate decisions are critical to survival. The initial moments of an active shooter incident are often the most dangerous, as the shooter may be moving through the area, firing indiscriminately. It is crucial to recognize the signs of an attack and react quickly and decisively.

Recognizing Gunfire: The sound of gunshots, often mistaken for loud pops or bangs often confused with fire works, is the first indication that an attack is underway. It's essential to differentiate between the sounds of gunfire and other noises, and to immediately recognize the seriousness of the situation. It's important to be able to identify the difference between the sound of gunfire and other noises, such as construction or machinery. In a high-stress situation, it's crucial to be able to quickly recognize the distinct sound of gunfire.

Panic and Chaos: As panic spreads, people will instinctively run or hide. Remaining composed and aware of survival options is essential. Fear can lead to impulsive actions, which can put individuals at greater risk. It's important to stay calm, if possible, and assess the situation before reacting. Panic can lead to impulsive actions, which can be dangerous. Staying calm, if possible, and assessing the situation before reacting can significantly increase the chances of survival. In a chaotic situation, it's important to remember to follow the "Run, Hide, Fight" strategy.

Immediate Response: Depending on proximity to the shooter, individuals must quickly decide to run, hide, or fight. These actions must be instinctive, informed by prior training. The best course of action will vary depending on the specific circumstances, and there is no right or wrong answer. The key is to make a decision quickly and act decisively. The immediate response is the most critical factor in determining survival. It's important to have a clear understanding of the available options and to be able to make a quick decision based on the specific circumstances.

 Immediate Response – Run, Hide, Fight

Survival depends on making split-second decisions. A clear understanding of the "Run, Hide, Fight" approach increases the likelihood of survival. This strategy emphasizes the importance of making quick decisions based on the situation. Understanding and practicing these options in advance can help individuals react instinctively when time is of the essence. The "Run, Hide, Fight" approach is a well-established strategy for surviving an active shooter incident. It emphasizes the importance of making quick decisions based on the situation and acting decisively.

Run

If there is a safe route, evacuate immediately. Leave personal items behind, and assist others if possible. Running away from the shooter is the most common and effective survival strategy. If a safe escape route is available, it should be taken immediately. It's important to remember that assisting others can be dangerous, but if it can be done safely, it should be considered. If a safe escape route is available, it should be taken immediately. It's important to move quickly and decisively, but also to be aware of your surroundings and to avoid running into any hazards.

Hide

If escape is not possible, find a secure location, lock doors, barricade entries, and remain silent. Silence phones and other devices. Hiding is a viable option if escape is not possible. Secure locations should offer good cover and concealment, and any measures to improve security, such as locking doors and barricading entries, should be taken. Silence is crucial to avoid attracting the shooter's attention. If you're hiding, it's important to stay calm and to avoid making any noise that could attract the shooter's attention. It's also important to have a plan for what you'll do if the shooter enters your hiding place.

Fight

As a last resort, if directly confronted, use anything available to incapacitate the shooter. Fully commit to your defensive actions. Fighting back should only be considered as a last resort, if all other options have been exhausted. Individuals should use any available objects as weapons and be prepared to fight for their survival. If you're forced to fight back, it's important to act aggressively and to aim for vital areas. It's also important to be aware of your surroundings and to avoid exposing yourself to the shooter's line of fire.

Training staff to follow these responses before an incident increases their chances of survival in a real-world scenario. Implementing active shooter training programs can significantly enhance the likelihood of survival in a real-world event. This training should cover all aspects of the "Run, Hide, Fight" strategy, as well as emergency procedures and communication protocols. It's important to have a plan in place and to train employees on how to respond to an active shooter incident. This training should cover all aspects of the "Run, Hide, Fight" strategy, as well as emergency procedures and communication protocols.

The immediate response to an active shooter incident is a critical element in ensuring the safety of all individuals present. It's vital to stay calm, assess the situation quickly, and react decisively based on the available options. The "Run, Hide, Fight" approach is a well-established strategy, and it's important to understand and practice these actions beforehand. The training and preparedness of employees play a crucial role in mitigating the risks associated with active shooter events. The immediate response is the most important factor in determining survival. It's important to stay calm, assess the situation quickly, and react decisively based on the available options.

 Law Enforcement Engagement

When law enforcement arrives, their primary goal is to neutralize the shooter. However, until the threat is confirmed, everyone is considered a suspect. This is a critical point to understand, as individuals may be initially mistaken for the shooter, leading to confusion and potential escalation. It is essential for everyone to stay calm and cooperate with officers' instructions, ensuring their own safety and the effectiveness of the response.

Hands Visible

Keep your hands visible at all times and follow officers' instructions carefully. This demonstrates compliance and helps law enforcement quickly identify individuals who are not posing a threat. Remember to avoid sudden movements and follow officers' directions precisely. When officers are responding to an active shooter incident, they are focused on identifying and neutralizing the threat as quickly and safely as possible. Any unexpected or erratic behavior could be misconstrued and lead to an unintended escalation of the situation.

Provide Information

If safe to do so, provide any critical information such as the shooter's location, appearance, and the type of weapon. This information is invaluable to law enforcement in rapidly locating and neutralizing the threat. Even seemingly small details can be helpful to officers. For example, providing information about the shooter's clothing, any distinctive features, or the direction they were last seen heading can assist law enforcement in narrowing down their search. Additionally, information about the type of weapon used, such as whether it was a firearm, knife, or another object, can aid officers in assessing the immediate danger and taking appropriate tactical measures.

Stay Calm

Understand that officers may not initially know who the shooter is, so staying calm and cooperative is vital for your safety and the efficiency of the response. Law enforcement is trained to respond rapidly and decisively in high-stress situations, and cooperation helps ensure a swift and effective resolution. This includes maintaining a calm demeanor and adhering to their instructions, even if it feels confusing or stressful. Officers are trained to act in a rapid and decisive manner during an active shooter situation, and their actions are often driven by the need to prioritize safety and minimize potential casualties. By staying calm and following their directions, individuals can minimize the risk of becoming caught in the crossfire or inadvertently escalating the situation.

Remain in Secure Location

Once you have reached a secure location, stay there until law enforcement instructs you to evacuate. Officers will establish a perimeter and ensure the safety of the area before allowing anyone to leave. This is crucial because the shooter may still be present or may attempt to return to the scene. Remaining in a secure location until law enforcement gives the all-clear ensures your safety and prevents you from being inadvertently involved in the ongoing response. Following officers' instructions diligently allows them to focus on their primary task of securing the scene and neutralizing the threat. This, in turn, contributes to a more efficient and effective resolution of the incident.

The reality is that medical personnel will be delayed until law enforcement deems the area secure. This makes Stop the Bleed training an essential skill for immediate life-saving interventions. In the critical minutes before medical assistance arrives, individuals trained in Stop the Bleed can provide immediate care to those injured, potentially saving lives. This is a crucial aspect of active shooter response because medical personnel are often unable to access the scene until law enforcement has secured the area. This can result in a delay in medical attention, which can have dire consequences for the injured. Stop the Bleed training empowers individuals to take immediate action and potentially save lives in these critical moments. It is a valuable skill that can make a significant difference in the outcome of an active shooter incident.

 Post-Incident Procedures Phase

Once the immediate threat is neutralized, attention shifts to medical care, controlled evacuations, and family reunifications.

These post-incident procedures are critical to ensure the safety and well-being of all individuals involved. A coordinated and systematic approach is essential to minimize further risks and facilitate a smooth transition to recovery.

Emergency responders will begin treating the injured. Staff trained in Stop the Bleed can provide immediate care, potentially saving lives in the critical moments before EMTs arrive. It's crucial to remember that the scene will remain secure until law enforcement deems it safe for medical personnel to enter.

Law enforcement will coordinate a controlled evacuation. Follow all instructions to ensure a safe and orderly exit. This may involve specific routes, designated assembly points, and other safety measures. It's essential to remain calm and cooperate with officers to expedite the evacuation process.

Designated areas will be set up for survivors to reunite with loved ones. Keeping calm and patient during this process helps emergency personnel manage the situation efficiently. Family reunification centers provide a safe and organized space for loved ones to connect and receive support.

It is critical to maintain composure during this time and cooperate with law enforcement to expedite the evacuation process.

It is also important to stay informed. Law enforcement and emergency personnel will provide updates about the situation and instructions as needed. It's vital to listen carefully and follow their instructions, even if they seem unclear or confusing.

Stay patient and respectful of the emergency personnel as they work to manage the situation. This includes providing them with accurate information and assisting in any way possible.

Even though the immediate danger has passed, it is crucial to be aware of your surroundings and any potential secondary hazards. This may include structural damage, hazardous materials, or other potential threats.

As you are evacuating, be mindful of your surroundings and the flow of traffic. Do not try to rush or force your way through crowds. Be prepared to follow any directions from law enforcement or emergency personnel.

Your cooperation and understanding are crucial to a safe and efficient post-incident response.

Medical Attention

Emergency responders will begin treating the injured. Staff trained in Stop the Bleed can provide immediate care, potentially saving lives in the critical moments before EMTs arrive.

Evacuation Protocols

Law enforcement will coordinate a controlled evacuation. Follow all instructions to ensure a safe and orderly exit.

Reunification

Designated areas will be set up for survivors to reunite with loved ones. Keeping calm and patient during this process helps emergency personnel manage the situation efficiently.

Long-Term Recovery Phase

The aftermath of an active shooter event can have lasting effects on both physical and emotional well-being. Organizations must plan for long-term support to help survivors cope with the traumatic experience and facilitate their recovery.

For instance, providing access to peer support groups or workshops can offer a safe space for survivors to connect with others who have experienced similar trauma and share their experiences. This can help reduce feelings of isolation and provide a sense of community and understanding. Additionally, organizations should consider implementing training programs for managers and employees on how to recognize the signs of PTSD and other trauma-related conditions in colleagues, and how to offer support and resources effectively.

Moreover, organizations should consider implementing policies and procedures that ensure a safe and supportive environment for survivors in the long-term. This might include developing a comprehensive plan for addressing any ongoing concerns related to safety, security, and mental health. It is also important to create a culture of open communication and support, where employees feel comfortable reaching out for help when they need it.

It is also important to acknowledge that the recovery process can be a long and challenging journey. Organizations should be patient and understanding, providing ongoing support and resources to survivors as they navigate their path to healing. This includes working with survivors to develop individualized recovery plans that meet their unique needs and circumstances.

Counseling and Mental Health Support

Survivors may suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and other mental health challenges. Employers should ensure access to counseling services, such as individual therapy, group therapy, and support groups. These resources can help survivors process their trauma, develop coping mechanisms, and manage their mental health.

Community and Workplace Support

Businesses should foster a supportive and understanding environment, providing employees with the necessary time and resources to heal. This may include flexible work arrangements, paid time off, access to employee assistance programs, and opportunities for peer support. Creating a safe and supportive workplace can help survivors feel valued and empowered to rebuild their lives.

Ongoing Physical Recovery

For those injured in the incident, long-term medical care may be required. This may include physical therapy, rehabilitation services, and ongoing medical monitoring. Supporting employees in their physical recovery is key to their overall well-being and helps them regain their independence. This may include providing transportation to appointments, assisting with paperwork, and ensuring they have the necessary equipment and resources.

Why Choose ProActive Emergency Solutions?

At ProActive Emergency Solutions, we believe that preparedness and prevention are the best defenses against active shooter incidents. Our comprehensive training programs go beyond simply teaching businesses how to respond effectively. We equip your team with essential skills like Stop the Bleed, ensuring they can save lives even before first responders arrive on the scene. This proactive approach empowers employees to take immediate action in critical situations, potentially minimizing casualties and mitigating the impact of a crisis.

We specialize in workplace violence prevention training, offering Stop the Bleed as part of all our programs, free of charge. This critical skill is not just a valuable addition, it's a cornerstone of our training philosophy. Our expertise in law enforcement, coupled with our proactive training approach, gives your organization the tools needed to handle even the most unpredictable of events. We understand that these situations are complex and require a multi-faceted approach, and our programs are designed to address the diverse challenges of workplace safety.

Be proactive—because every second counts. Waiting for a crisis to happen is not an option in today's world. Partnering with ProActive Emergency Solutions means investing in a proactive and comprehensive approach to safety. Our customized training programs are tailored to meet the specific needs of your organization, ensuring that your team is not just informed but truly prepared. We work with you to develop a comprehensive plan that integrates into your existing safety protocols, providing a seamless and effective approach to emergency preparedness.

Our commitment goes beyond training. We offer ongoing support and resources to help you maintain a culture of safety and preparedness within your organization. We provide guidance on best practices, help you implement robust security measures, and ensure that your team has the tools and knowledge they need to confidently respond to any emergency situation. With ProActive Emergency Solutions, you are not just acquiring training, you are building a culture of proactive safety that will benefit your entire organization.

Our commitment goes beyond training. We offer ongoing support and resources to help you maintain a culture of safety and preparedness within your organization. We provide guidance on best practices, help you implement robust security measures, and ensure that your team has the tools and knowledge they need to confidently respond to any emergency situation. With ProActive Emergency Solutions, you are not just acquiring training, you are building a culture of proactive safety that will benefit your entire organization.

Our team of certified instructors combines years of experience in law enforcement, security, and emergency response to deliver engaging and impactful training programs. We understand the unique challenges faced by different industries, and our programs are specifically designed to address these needs. Whether you're a small business or a large corporation, we have the expertise to equip your employees with the confidence and knowledge they need to handle any crisis effectively.

When you choose ProActive Emergency Solutions, you're not just choosing training, you're choosing peace of mind. Our commitment to providing exceptional service and ongoing support ensures that you're not alone in your journey to create a safer workplace. Let us help you build a culture of proactive safety, and empower your team to be prepared for any challenge.